Arts And Crafts Essay Example For Students

Expressions And Crafts Essay At the point when I am feeling the entirety of the strain and worry from my week begin to get to me, I have an inclination that I need to loosen up. I feel that I need to plan something for let go of the entirety of the contemplations I convey with me for the duration of the day. That is the point at which I glance through my specialty supplies, so I can utilize my vitality in a profitable manner. I love craftsmanship; it is my obsession. I do everything from knitting to painting and chiseling. It is such an arrival of strain and stress. Doing workmanship is my method of communicating. At the point when I make things I am ready to have time alone. Actually, The four heading lines of cover sheet data ought to show up just on the primary page. Each new passage ought to be indented one tab or five spaces. Try not to put additional line spaces between sections. Doe 2 plainly Fitzgerald is endeavoring to reveal some insight into the course America was going after the First World War, When the war finished, Americans needed to overlook the difficulties and strife of the earlier years and concentrate upon the energetic greatness and fervor, which got normal for the Jazz Age. (adjusted from McGee) Jazz had been You MUST recognize the author(s) for all data you use in any sort of report, article, or introduction that you do. The reason for documentation is twofold: to recognize a job well done, and to permit your peruser to find your sources, Every affirmation has TWO areas/parts. 1. In-text Citation affirmation tot a source utilized, put promptly at where it is utilized ? after a citation or after a reworded area. The uncovered detail (most generally writers last name and page tot the statement or data) of the source is given in enclosures and it guides the peruser to the total source section which shows up in the Works Cited. 2. Works Cited, Works Consulted, or References the rundown of sources utilized with complete distribution detail for each source. It starts on a different page(s) toward the finish of your work. The first word(s) of every reference is/are the words utilized in-text, put in genuineness. Works Cited incorporates all works which you refered to inside your work (ML style) Works Consulted incorporates favors which you refered to in your work and those you read, however didnt utilize in your work (ML style) References incorporates all favors which you refered to in your work (PAP style) Your instructor will direct which style is to be utilized for documentation. The two styles that are utilized most usually are those of the Modern Language Association (ML) and the American Psychological Association (PAP). The in-text reference uncovers the source that was utilized right at where it was utilized. This reference is on the other hand called an incidental reference or incidental reference. In brackets you ought to give the last name of the creator. Fifth writer isn't named, the title of the article (in quotes) or the title of the work (in italics) ought to be recorded. The word(s) that show up first in the Works Cited, ought to show up in brackets in your work with the page number of the citation (ML 214-215) Writing Style and utilization of Quotations set off from the content or run into it, cited material is generally gone before by a colon it the citation is officially presented and by a comma or no incaution if the citation is a vital piece of the sentence structure (ML 102). Shelley held a striking perspective: Poets are the unacknowledged officials of the World (794). Shelley thought artists were the unacknowledged lawmakers of the World (794). Artists, as per Shelley, are the unacknowledged administrators of the World (734). ML 102) Construct a reasonable, syntactically right sentence that permits you to present or consolidate a citation.. (ML 92) Lead up to your citation by giving the speaker and the circumstance. Try not to expect that the peruser knows the specific piece Of the book that you are citing. Stay away from the utilization of f ake expressing, for example, This citation demonstrates Follow up your citation by remarking on, clarifying, applying, deciphering, or reaching an inference from your citation. Try not to leave the peruser to accomplish the work! Never proceed onward to another point or section following the citation. Present and follow up on every citation independently, Do not string them together. Maintain a strategic distance from excessively long citations. Stage Decoration and the Unity of Place in France in the Seventeenth Century-Part 2 EssayAs people terms, â€Å"art† and â€Å"craft† allude to uncertain combinations of authoritative and expressive attributes and along these lines can't be utilized as unequivocally as wc would need to utilize them in the event that they were logical or basic ideas. Since I will in any case have event to talk about craftsmanship and art universes, associations, and styles of work, it ought to be comprehended that in doing so I am alluding to some part of some people definition. I regularly allude to specific associations that verge on understanding the perfect mixes inferred by the people terms, however even these don't satisfy the hopes typified in the perfect, nor docs it matter logically that they do not.â In certainty the ambiguities of the terms and the inconsistencies between what they foresee and what the world displays will be generally valuable in the examination, as those am biguities and logical inconsistencies happen specifically fields of action experiencing change. At the point when change happens, the individuals included contend over the significance of the movement; hence analyzing instances of progress starting with one defini tion then onto the next will assist us with seeing better the social importance of our fundamental terms. I have utilized materials from an assortment of sources my own involvement with a numlier of universes of workmanship and art just as socio sensible and chronicled investigations of such universes however 1 have not analyzed any orderly assemblage of information in a precise manner. For my significant models I have utilized the universes of the regular painstaking work (particularly earthenware production), whichâ produce objects fit for visual gratefulness and in this way will in general be connected to such high workmanship universes as painting and figure. In any case, the investigation is planned to be more broad than that, and, however I talk generally of such artworks, I will at times demonstrate applications to different sorts of media and to per shaping just as item delivering expressions and specialties.

Journalism around the world Essay

Generally, the term â€Å"international conflict† alluded to clashes between various country states and clashes among individuals and associations in various country states. Progressively, be that as it may, it additionally applies to between bunch clashes inside one nation when one gathering is battling for autonomy or expanded social, political, or monetary force (e. g. , Chechnya, Kosovo). (Ref. 1) Five years into the 21st Century a dull and evil cloud hangs over news-casting the world over. More editors, journalists and media staffs are slaughtered, directed, abducted and subject to savagery than at any other time. Autonomous media are feeling the squeeze. This weight comes legitimately from merciless fear based oppressors, with no regard for civilisation and human rights, who have focused on and killed writers in all landmasses. In Iraq alone, in excess of 50 media staff have been slaughtered by political fanatics and lawbreakers, in quest for an odd motivation of contempt. (Ref. 2) New York, May 28, 2004â€Two Japanese writers and their Iraqi interpreter were killed on Thursday night when their vehicle went under assault by shooters in Mahmoudiya, 20 miles (30 kilometers) south of Baghdad, as per news reports. Bangkok-based consultant Shinsuke Hashida and his nephew Kotaro Ogawa, additionally a specialist, had been heading out to Baghdad from the southern city of Samawah, where Japan has conveyed many soldiers, when the assault happened. Agence France-Presse (AFP) recorded the interpreter as Mohamed Najmedin. The Associated Press announced that the two men were working for the Japanese newspaper day by day Nikkan Gendai covering Japanese soldiers positioned in the southern city of Samawah. Japanese station NHK announced that the two writers had likewise detailed for a few other Japanese news associations. The Japanese remote service recognized the episode however has not affirmed the characters of those murdered. As per some press reports, the journalists’ vehicle burst into blazes after the assault. Reuters news organization detailed that the vehicle was hit by rocket impelled projectile (RPG) fire. The driver, an Iraqi, who endure the episode and talked with Japan’s NHK News said he had the option to leave the vehicle before it detonated after the attack. Thursday’s assault happened in a similar zone where two Polish columnists were killed by shooters on May 7 and two CNN representatives were gunned down in January. Hashida was an accomplished columnist who had secured a few clashes as a TV journalist, as indicated by Japanese media. At any rate 28 columnists (excluding Hashida and Ogawa) have been executed in Iraq since the US-drove war in Iraq started in March 2003. In any event seven other media laborers have (â€Å"International Journalism†) additionally been slaughtered. In different turns of events, U. S. TV telecaster NBC reported Friday that radicals in Fallujah discharged three staff members and an Iraqi freelancerâ€correspondent Ned Colt, cameraman Maurice Roper, soundman Robert Colville, and writer Ashraf al-Taie who had been hijacked by furnished guerillas on Tuesday. Every one of the four were discharged safe, and NBC said in an explanation that neighborhood Iraqi pioneers had intervened the discharges when unmistakably the men were functioning as writers. (Ref. 3) NBC said it didn't already report the snatching for security reasons. New York, December 11, 2003â€Two writers working with the U. S. newsmagazine Time were injured today in an explosive assault in Baghdad while going with U. S. troops. Senior journalist Michael Weisskopf and picture taker James Nachtwey endured undisclosed wounds when unidentified attackers tossed an explosive into a Humvee the men were going in, Time overseeing proofreader Jim Kelly said in a composed proclamation. Two fighters in the Humvee were likewise harmed in the assault, which happened at about 9:30 p. m. The announcement depicted the two writers as being in â€Å"stable condition† and said they were anticipating move to a U. S. military medical clinic in Landstuhl, Germany. CPJ is looking for additional subtleties right now. (Ref. 4) It isn't abnormal in clashes to discover broad communications selected to help political targets regularly to the detriment of expert validity. For sure, this remains constant for practically all wars. Be that as it may, as people groups of one nation betray each other in ethnic clash, writers end up confronting the unusual decision of regarding their expert responsibility to truth-chasing or hazard being marked a trickster. In strife circumstances there is consistently the risk that the media are recruited by undemocratic legislators to move, incite and endorse national feelings of dread and abhorrences. Columnists who loan themselves to this procedure forsake their expert status and become advocates. Ethnic clash and conflict are not another wonder but rather lately we have seen a regularly expanding fracture of human culture. As Harold Isaacs put it in his book ‘Idols of the Tribe’: ‘We are encountering (†¦ ) an ingathering of individuals in innumerable gathering of sorts †inborn, racial, phonetic, strict, national. It is an incredible bunching into separateness that will, it is thought, improve, guarantee, or expand each group’s force or spot, or protect it or more secure from the force, danger, or threatening vibe of others’. (Ref. 5) (â€Å"International Journalism†) Towards a precise depiction of all gatherings in the public eye One of the most significant difficulties looked by the columnists during global clashes is to depict bunches on the two sides of the contention precisely. It is significant for the columnists to be fair-minded while announcing animosity and human rights infringement in the contention influenced regions. The writers ought to turn into the voice of the smothered and most exceedingly awful influenced bunch during the contention. The primary goal ought to be to draw out reality through solid sources and make a climate for bargain. Danger to life from different gatherings and hostile to social components In covering and announcing universal clashes and fighting, columnists face danger to life from different enemy of social components and fanatic gatherings. In their procedure to uncover the guilty party, columnists get dangers every day. The assignments are now and again exceptionally perilous which may include covering the fighting and war zone where slugs are being splashed all over the place and shells are pouring. With the global news motivation constrained by the world’s significant media mammoths, it has gotten vital to create and fortify media at the neighborhood level to keep up assorted variety of assessment. As media in many creating countries, for example, Indonesia, move away from state control towards private endeavor, it is basic for neighborhood media to locate their own voice and expert codes. A very much created media framework with expertly prepared columnists for the most part benefits both worldwide and neighborhood crowds and gives a fundamental connect to the outside world during strife circumstances.

How to Develop a Writing Style That Works For You

How to Develop a Writing Style That Works For YouWhen you are first starting out in your writing career, you may find that the assignments for your college essays are much more extensive than the ones you are used to taking in high school. Even though you are a writer by trade, you will have to combine several different skills to make your college assignment effective. This article will explore how to make your essay format work for you.While some students come to writing as a natural extension of their ability to speak and write, others find that they have developed skills for essay writing and only need to become adept at writing. These students, who are typically those who excel academically, typically pick up the basics quickly. They know how to write well and they can start writing the types of papers that can be easily sold to colleges. For these students, writing is like breathing to them and they get off to a good start. However, most students take a while to develop this ski ll, sometimes years.The important part of essay writing is that it must be effective. Many students simply lack the perspective or the experience that will help them create an essay that is both grammatically correct and also of high quality. Often, students do not know how to present a particular point, or what format is best for the particular topic that they have chosen.One way to help you to develop the proper essay format is to use a template that is widely available. Typically, students can find these templates either in college writing books or on the internet. You should try to find a template that is suitable for your particular topic. Use the template to become familiar with the various writing styles that you can expect to see when writing about the topic.Next, you should evaluate your academic background and determine what writing style is best suited to your particular needs. Do you generally use narrative or do you prefer to explain things in terms of facts? Do you wan t to emphasize an argument, present examples, or simply state your opinion? You should write in a way that meets the needs of the reader and that suits your own needs, as well.Finally, you should read the writing sample carefully, so that you can see how the template or essay format that you are using matches the type of writing that you would like to accomplish in your college essay. If you feel that it does not fit your needs, simply write the same thing in a different way. However, if you find that you need a little more direction, try searching for sample essays online.Online, there are many websites that feature essays written by students, ranging from students with a variety of writing styles to those with such things as basic writing skills to fluency in the English language. You can find samples that may have been previously written by your professor and can use as a model for your own work.These easy steps should help you develop a clear idea of the kind of essay that you n eed to produce, and the key elements that you should include. Make sure that you use a template to get started and then choose a variety of different essay formats to tailor the essay to the specific needs of your writing.

Lord of the Flies, by William Golding - 1139 Words

Throughout Lord of the Flies emotional feelings challenge the boys along with tasks the boys need to complete to get off the island as soon as possible. When the group breaks in two, the reader is shown emotional challenges that individuals undertake prior to this event. Golding uses the breaking of the groups to show the literal breaking point, the straw that breaks the camels back. We see that several characters such as Piggy Ralph, and Simon want to be part of the group. These individuals face emotional difficulties. Through the emotional difficulties, the boys have difficulties with their concentration and grip on getting off the island. Trying to face an emotional challenge is like going through a maze. It is difficult for an†¦show more content†¦The boys stop having respect for Piggy, and immediately they having no respect for each other. â€Å"Ralph pushed Piggy to one side... Ralph made a step forward and Jack smacked Piggy’s head. â€Å" and a few pages lat er â€Å"Eat! Damn you! He glared at Simon. Take it.† Immediate disrespect arises, not just to Piggy. The wheel of jealousy that is constantly turning each of the boys is another cause towards the breaking apart of the groups. The wheel turns from one person to the next, in an endless loop. When Ralph orders the meeting after they lost track of their first ship, he is confused with his feelings. Ralph sees the boys with the pig, and has mixed emotions with his anger and jealousy. He wants to be part of their lot but is angry that they lost their opportunity to be rescued. The boys start screaming: â€Å"‘Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in.’ Ralph watched them, envious and resentful. Not till they flagged and the chant died away, did he speak.Im calling an assembly.†Ralph understands that they are turning into savages, and he is even jealous that the boys as a group are embracing the hunting and the killing of the pig . The festivities over the dying pig symbolize a unified action the boys have completed. Ralph is jealous that they have become one unified g roup and himself as the leader was neglected. He is well aware that Jack is beginning to step up and that he needs to bring the order back. His response is toShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies By William Golding869 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies Psychology Sometimes people wear fake personas like a cloak over their shoulders, used to hide what is really underneath. This harsh reality is witnessed in William Golding’s classic Lord of the Flies, a novel that is famous for not only its sickening plot, but also for the emotional breakdowns all of its characters experience. These issues are akin to those shown in certain real-world psychological experiments. A summary of Golding’s Lord of the Flies, combined with the evidenceRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies By William Golding1347 Words   |  6 Pages The theme of The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, is the reason society is flawed is because people are flawed. Although Piggy is knowledgeable, he has many flaws including his laziness and physical inabilities. Ralph is an authority seeker. He sets rules and laws, yet does little to enforce them. Ralph wants to be the ruler, without doing the work to enforce his laws. Jack is persistent. He is rude, harsh and violent in or der to get what he wants. He wants to be supreme. Piggy’s flaws areRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1123 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel Lord of The Flies by William Golding, the characters Ralph, Piggy, and Jack represent important World War II leaders Franklin Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, and Winston Churchill. Golding, who had served in World War II, was well aware of the savagery created, and used it to base his book on. Ralph represents Franklin Roosevelt , Jack represents Adolf Hitler, and Piggy represents Winston Churchill. Ralph being of the novel’s main protagonist is important in the outcome of the story becauseRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies By William Golding1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Lord of the Flies Essay The Lord of the Flies written by William Golding and published on September 17, 1954 is a story told about a group of stranded boys and their fight for survival against the wilderness and themselves. In this story many signs of symbolism are used by Golding to point out certain aspects of society that Golding thought strongly of. This story on first read may just seem to be a survival- esque piece of literature but, on a deeper look one can find Golding’s true motiveRead MoreLord of The Flies by William Golding619 Words   |  2 PagesGovernments are no different; they fight for power just like the rest of us do. They just do it on a much bigger scale. Qualities from Oligarchy, Totalitarianism, Democracy, Dictatorship, and Anarchy governments are used in several parts of Lord of The Flies that represent different characters and different situations. An Oligarchy is a small group of people having control of a country or organization. A Totalitarianism government is a form of government that permits no individual freedom and thatRead MoreThe Lord of the Flies by William Golding1306 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Lord of the Flies, William Golding creates a microcosm that appears to be a utopia after he discharged from the British Royal Navy following World War II. After an emergency landing, Golding places a diverse group of boys on the island that soon turns out to be anything but utopia. The island the boys are on turns out to be an allegorical dystopia with inadequate conditions (Bryfonski 22). The boys reject all lessons they learned from their prior British society, and they turn towards theirRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding932 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing two particular themes from a novel called Lord of the Flies by William Golding. Lord of the Flies was written in 1954 after World War II. Ruler of the Flies is a purposeful anecdote about something that many readers can’t really describe. Individuals cant choose precisely what. Its either about the inalienable underhanded of man, or mental battle, or religion, or personal inclination, or the creators emotions on war; however William Golding was in the Navy throughout World War II, or perhapsRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1383 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Lord of the Flies is still a Blueprint for Savagery by Eleanor Learmonth and Jenny Tabakoff, the words â€Å"I’m afraid. Of us† first appeared in Golding’s novel 60 years ago. Lord of the Flies by William Golding follows a group of schoolboys trapped on an island after a plane crash during a world war. At the beginning, they celebrate as the y have total autonomy as there are no adults around. They attempt to establish a civilization but when order collapses, they go on a journey from civilizationRead MoreLord of the Flies, by William Golding1055 Words   |  5 Pages In William Goldings Lord of the Flies a group of English school boys crash land onto an uninhabited island somewhere in the Mid Atlantic ocean. Ralph, the protagonist and also the elected leader, tries to maintain peace and avoid any calamity on the island. However, Jack is neither willing to contribute nor listen because he is jealous of Ralph and has a sickening obsession with killing boars. Ralph has some good traits that help him maintain peace and balance for a period of time. He is charismaticRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pages Outline Introduction Short intro for Lord of the Flies Short intro on Gangs The bullying and group mentality demonstrated in gangs has resemblances to the characters in Lord of the Flies. II. Bullying/Group mentality Gangs Drugs/Loyalty B. Lord of the flies Jack kills the pig/Jack and Ralph fight III. Effects B. Lord of the flies Jack killing the pig aftermath Violence IV. Conclusion Gangs are considered a group of people that have a common link together

Comparing Presidents of the United States of America Essay

Comparing Presidents of the United States of America Because of their positions in the government and their resulting influential abilities, presidents are either praised for advancing the nation, criticized for not doing anything to help the country, or even making the country’s situation worse. Their success as president is dependent on the success of the country. People don’t take into consideration the attempts presidents make, but only those things that help or hurt the country. This leaves room for there to be a good president who may not accomplish much and a bad president who may accomplish a lot. President Herbert Hoover took office shortly before the Great Depression began, in a time in which the country was doing well.†¦show more content†¦In theory, if everyone were truly looking out for the good of others – if no one were selfish – Hoover’s plan would have worked and brought the country out of the Depression. In 1932, when Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office, the citizens of the United States had possessed sufficient time to realize that they could no longer be proud, but they must take anything they could get. Therefore, the programs set up by FDR’s New Deal program were perfect for the country at the time. These programs helped the people directly, providing relief, recovery, and reform. FDR based his plans on the philosophy of Keynesian economics, where the government spends money to make money. The government gave money and jobs to those in need, who in turn, had money to spend in the marketplace. The demand for products increased, and businesses were able to hire more workers and produce more products, as well as pay more money in taxes. FDR’s plans worked because they gave money not to those who would take advantage of the government, but to those who would use it in the way the government intended it to be used. During FDR’s first term in office alone, the un employment rate dropped 4%. Because of FDR’s success in bringing the country out of the Depression, I give him an A. President Lyndon Baines Johnson continued the ideals of the New Deal by continuing toShow MoreRelatedJeffery Rosen s The Supreme Court1681 Words   |  7 PagesJeffery Rosen’s novel, The Supreme Court: The Personalities and Rivalries that Defined America follows the history of the Supreme Court of the United States through both personal and philosophical rivalries that shaped the transformation of laws and our lives. Rosen shows us the rivalries between justices and their ideologies and how their ideologies have shaped our laws today. Starting in 1952 with President Harry S Truman and ending fifty four years later with the presidency of George W. Bush,Read MoreThe Lead Policy Maker Of The United States Of America Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe lead policy maker in the United States of America is President Barack Obama. In his recent speech at the commencement of the United States Air Force Academy, President Obama shared four related to America’s foreign policy an d role in international politics. In his four lessons, the President emphasized themes of power and security, which are the basis for the traditions of liberalism and realism - received emphasis. The writing that follows will analyze President Obama’s themes of intellectualRead MoreLeaving The Nest : The United States1047 Words   |  5 Pagescountries United States and Mexico have established an interesting relationship since their rise of independence. Within this relationship, several differences appear. These nations have had their fair share of struggles; yet both manage to coexist fairly well. When comparing both of these countries on the basis of commerce, education, and political stability the commonalities, discrepancies, and relationships become evident. As well as, the factors for the mass Mexican immigration to the United StatesRead More Comparing the Iroquois Constitution and U.S. Constitution Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesComparing the Iroquois Constitution an d U.S. Constitution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Constitutions of both the Iroquois and the United States have similarities and differences between them. The Iroquois constitution came earlier in history than the U.S one did. Some of the same ideas that were in the Iroquois’ constitution were carried over to some of the ideas that we use in our government today. In this paper I will compare and contrast these ideas as they relate with one another. Ideas like Vito Power, WhenRead MoreThe U.S. Constitution Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pagesrules by which a society is governed. Throughout the course of history the United States has lived under two Constitutions since the British-American colonies declared their independence from Great Britain in 1776. First in line was the Articles of Confederation (1789-1789) followed by the Constitution of United States of America (1789-present). The Articles of Confederation was the first formal written Constitution of America that specified how the national government was to operate. UnfortunatelyRead MoreWhat Is The Difference Between Lithuania And The American Constitution906 Words   |  4 PagesTo start off with this project I will be comparing Lithuania and the American Constitution and seeing what is different and what is the same. I chose to do this country because I wanted to do one that I didnt really know a lot about so that when I research about it I would be able to learn more. For Lithuania, their constitution was written in 1992 but was revised in 2006 and the American constitution was written in 1789 but was revised in 2014. First about the Lithuanian constitution in the preambleRead MoreHistory And History Of Haiti810 Words   |  4 PagesCelucien Joseph, a professor at Indian River State College, best explains the modern scholarship in historiography of Haiti with his following statement, â€Å"The scholarship that does exist focuses on class and race structures, resistance of the enslaved and marronage, economic and political forces, and Toussaint Louverture.† Professor Joseph is recognizing the modern development by historians concerning the historiography of Haiti unlike the past, where Haiti was ignored and downplayed as an importantRead MoreDemocracy Vs American Democracy973 Words   |  4 Pageseveryone is born equal. People not only have power in democracy but also have a responsibility to the society. In addition, democracy relates with Constitutions and election. There are a lot of democracy societies except the United States. As a democratic country, the United States and Canada hav e similar political and rules, but still have differences. Thomas Paine, who was an English-born American political activist, considered that human beings have two rights which are in-born rights and civilRead MoreForeign Affairs And The Pursuit Of Liberty Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesForeign Affairs and the Pursuit of Liberty Should America strengthen ties in foreign nations, or remain neutral when external conflict arises? This question has faced every United States President who has served, and will continue to stare the chief executive in the face. Whichever way the United States decides, neutrality or involvement, there are certain pitfalls and triumphs that come from either decision, but in some incidents the wrong decision can be detrimental. At the start of the nationRead MoreElectoral College Function809 Words   |  4 Pagesprimary purpose is to offer a compromise between the election of the president by a popular vote of competent citizens and determination of the president by a vote in Congress (Jost and Giroux 44). The second purpose for its formation was to be part of the organization of government that gave special authority to the smaller states. Why was it created and by whom? The Electoral College is made up 538 voters of whom to elect the head of state, a majority of 270 electoral votes is needed in order for the

`` Word Is Out `` By Nancy Adair And Casey Adair - 1528 Words

LGBT history has changed the way society works in the United States and has had an impact around the world. The homosexual community came as an impact to the world during the early 1900’s. They were considered different; odd, ill, and weak, but little did we know the effects it would have in today’s society and politics. The war, queer, and AIDs movements seem to relatively impact members of the gay and lesbian community the most. In an series of interviews in â€Å"Word is Out† conducted by Nancy Adair and Casey Adair, the reader is introduced into the lives of Pam, Rusty, and Pat; lesbian women living within their true identity during the mid-1900’s. Their stories consist of broken family relationships, marriage failure, and gender roles. To help one understand the dynamics of their relationships and lives, John D’Emilo talks about the effects of war and how it structures and damages the gay community and their opportunity for equality. Elizabeth Davis speaks about the Lesbian experience in public spaces that exposes many to find their character by associating with those that fit best to their community in â€Å"Lesbian Bar Culture in the 1930’s and 1940’s†. The LGBT community for centuries has won the spotlight in the news and many articles published in well know newspapers, but what many never get to hear or see are the struggle that many homosexuals face. Both gays and lesbians in the United States have received backlash because of their race, gender, and social class. TheShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesxi Questions for Review 192 Experiential Exercise Biases in Decision Making 193 Ethical Dilemma Do Unethical Decisions Come from Bad Character? 193 Case Incident 1 Computerized Decision Making 194 Case Incident 2 Predictions That Didn’t Quite Pan Out 195 7 Motivation Concepts 201 Defining Motivation 202 Early Theories of Motivation 203 Hierarchy of Needs Theory 203 †¢ Theory X and Theory Y 205 †¢ Two-Factor Theory 205 †¢ McClelland’s Theory of Needs 207 Contemporary Theories of Motivation

Auditing and Assurance for Transparency and Accountability

Question: Discuss about theAuditing and Assurance for Transparency and Accountability. Answer: Introduction. Auditing and assurance is a very critical aspect in development and accountability of any company or a firm. It is a key aspect in management of all undertakings in achieving a complete firm in terms of transparency and accountability. The purpose of this report is to critically analyze key steps in planning the new client of one of the company listed under Australian security exchange. According to the standards set by auditing and assurance requirements, financial records and data need to be fully scrutinized in order to assess the viability and vulnerability of a particular company in terms of financial management and resource allocations. This is typically done by calculation of financial ratios of a company. The present and most recent financial recorded documented in annual reports are very useful in audit process. As a senior auditor in the firm of NY partners aim at forming a team of auditors to assess the new clients audit by use research analysis and computation of financia l ratios. This report aim at critically analyzing AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited(Chopra, 2012). This is one of the companies listed under Australian Security Exchange with ASX code ACW and GICS industry group of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and life science. Therefore my team of auditors aims at analyzing annual reports of this company so as to scrutinize the new clients audit. Steps in planning the new clients audit. Typically, there are four main steps in planning the new clients audit. These procedures will form a clear base of an audit process in relation to clients expectations for his or her company or firm for this case. These steps include acceptance of client and performance of initial audit process, understanding the business and industry of the client, assessment of client business risk and performance of preliminaries analytical procedures. Auditing process involves audit planning, control and recording (ISO 300) that will form basis of these four steps. Acceptance of client and performance of initial audit planning. This is a very crucial procedure in audit planning. The main reason for this step involves accepting the client need for conducting auditing process. It is a fact that many companies limit the auditing of their companies for no apparent reasons. They fear auditing their companies as if they are anticipating some irregular and illegal undertakings within their firms that need not be revealed. Therefore accepting the clients wish to audit their companies is a very great progress for auditing firms. An initial audit planning need to be performed to as to form as base line of what to be anticipated in the entire audit process of the company(Nickels, 2015). For the purpose of this report, audit planning typically means development of a general strategy with highly documented approach for anticipated nature, timing and expected extent of the audit. For this case, the senior auditor need to brief his team so as to plan their work to enable the team in conducting effective audit in a timely manner with a lot of efficiency. This step will be included in auditing AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited. In addition, the form and nature of performance of initial audit planning will be affected highly by the complexity and size of the company (Bragg, 2015). AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited is a complex company with huge commercial environment of operation. Therefore, performance of initial audit planning process involves well established methods of processing transactions and significant reporting of requirements to which AFT Pharmaceuticals limited or the new clients is subjected to. Advantages of accepting the client and performance of initial audit planning. A good audit planning enhances proper division of labor and specialization between the interim and the final audit. This is very important in eliminating any repetition of tasks that have been done. It also put into consideration times in which information is needed for audit plan(Saloner, 2009). This will promote cooperation by limiting disruptions of clients work. Again, it assists in completion of work via efficient use of time and acute allocation of tasks to audit team. It enhances devotion of attention to crucial audit areas by identification of potential problematic areas within the audit affecting a particular client. It also helps ion active utilization of junior auditors in coordination of tasks done by senior auditor and other team members. It helps in control and direction of audit tasks by senior auditor. Lastly, it brings forth the anticipated channels of attaining the objectives of the audit. Understanding the clients business and industry. This step is crucial in audit planning. To have proper scrutinization of audit of any client, the business enterprise and industry ventured is of great importance. This will help the audit team in understanding the various terminologies in preparation of annual reports to avoid any loophole during the actual audit process(Wild, 2014). It is also important in understanding the standard rules and regulations bidding that particular business or industry. This will enable audit team to understand quality control and to conduct peer review. For the purpose of this step, quality control is described as procedures and policies that are critically put into consideration by the auditor to make sure that the audit conducted by the audit team adheres to the quality standards established by the accounting profession as well as quality standards of audit firm. Like in this case AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited deals with biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Therefore the auditor will prepare on that field. Therefore, by knowing quality control and peer review concerning the client business and industry, an independent review based on auditing practices and accounting standards will be conducted by audit firm (Miller, 2015). This section also indicates the various sources of information on clients nature of business and industry. Various sources of information on clients nature of business and industry. It is important for audit team to obtain an understanding concerning the information systems of any client. This would include the related business and industry process as well as all the relevant financial reports in annual report. This is clearly asserted by ISA 315. Therefore, in order to perform an audit of financial records, audit team need to obtain knowledge on clients business and industry so as to understand transactions, events and practices that brings significant effects on those financial records or audit report generated from audit team judgment(McGregor, 2016). Before accepting an engagement, it is very important for audit team to obtain a preliminary knowledge of the industry ventured by the client and any management, ownership as well as operations of business entity under audit. To fully understand clients business and industry, the following sources are very important and relevant. Business and industry experience in the previous proceedings. Engaging into discussion with community within the business. Researching information from other auditors and legal advisors who have provided services to the business previously. Scrutinizing publications and various journals of the industry and the business entity. Visits to plant facilities and any other relevant places of business. Scrutinizing all relevant documents including budgets, operations and system manuals, annual financial reports as well as minutes of meeting conducted within the auditing timing. Finally, it is a duty of senior auditor to ensure that audit assistants obtain any relevant and enough knowledge of clients industry and business entity so as to carry out delegated tasks. Assessing clients business risk. It is important to assess the business risks of clients in planning audit process so as to include those risks in the audit report. In assessing the clients business risk, senior auditor needs to set out audit approach to indicate how financial records need to be audited within the budget of audit work. It is important to get a summary indicating full terms of engagements that are highly needed to set out the nature of audit to be conducted by audit team(Arens, 2016). Again, a time schedule needs to be provided indicating preferred dates of the timing of the audit. In that case, risks need to be assesses by recording any changes concerning a particular client since the last audit was conducted. The AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited will be subjected to risks of medical regulations and diagnosis of various terminal illnesses. There will be financial report on the same by AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited. Audit assistant need to gather information about the client and details of clients contracts. In assessing clients business risk, there are difficulties faced in implementation of audit plan. The firm may have numerous clients with corresponding year ends. This risk makes allocation of audit team difficult as well as timing required. Any abrupt shifts in the business and industry of the client need more allocation of time that need to allocate outside the planned time. Some clients lack co-operation by declining to offer necessary information and explanations in appropriate time(Loughran, 2010). This will place the clients business in risks. Lastly, there could be shortages of audit staffs due to low turnover during the actual audit process. This will affect the timing of the arranged audit thus putting the clients business into risks. Performing preliminary analytical procedures. This is the very last step in planning a new clients audit. However, it is very crucial as well. In carrying out preliminary analytical procedures and in planning audit of a new client, the senior auditor together with his audit team needs to carry out a set of procedures(Fletcher, 2012). They are analyzed into detailed chronological ways. The auditor and his time should carry out a preliminary review of the client and his business entity. This procedure will involve gathering a clear understanding of the nature of the clients industry and business entities. The audit team need to engage into a discussion with management with an aim of obtaining an understanding of their structure and a clear realization of the current circumstances in operations of the client and other aspects that would critically impact the internal control system and accounting standards of the new client. There should be appropriate and effective communication with previous auditor of the client so as to gather information that seems relevant to the audit of the new client. It is also good to gather preliminary understanding of the nature of the clients accounting and internal control system(Whittington, 2015). This will highly help in finding out the level by which the auditor will depend on the internal control system of the client. The audit team needs to put into considerations any legislations and accounting standards that could have implications towards the new clients audit. The senior auditor needs to scrutinize the nature and timing of reports and relevant communications of the client so as to accommodate the timings in the audit plan. The senior auditor needs to find out the number of audit team members need and the timing of the audit visit. Lastly, the senior auditor need to prepare an audit planning memorandum that sum up the scope of the tasks under the engagement and the strategic plan to be cultivated so as to meet the clients requirements. Australian Security Exchange listed company under analysis. The company under analysis in this section is AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited. This is one of the companies listed under Australian Security Exchange with ASX code ACW and GICS industry group of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and life science(Daft, 2015). Therefore my team of auditors aims at analyzing annual reports of this company so as to scrutinize the new clients audit. By use of most recent annual reports, the team wishes to calculate the financial ratios under consideration. The assessment of the new firm by researching information from academic sources, news, and newspaper and industry magazine will be used to generate the annual reports of AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited. The team has extracted the financial record of AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited so as to calculate the related financial ratios. The financial entries of AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited as at 31st December 2016. Item Amount Current assets 400,000 Current liabilities 320,000 Stock 200,000 Total long term debt 320,000 Capital employed 650,000 Gross profit 280,000 Sales 1,200,000 Earnings attributed to equity shareholders 960,600 Equity 1,460,000 Credit sales 840,000 Average debtors 360,000 Credit purchases 720,000 Average creditors 260,000 From the above entries extracted from annual report of AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited, the following ratios are calculated. Current ratio = current assetscurrent liabilities. 400,000320,000 = 1.17647059. The interpretation of this ratio is that AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited has more current assets than liabilities thus high ability to meet short term maturity obligations as and when they fall due. Acid test ratio = (current asset stock) current liabilities = (400,000-200,000) 320,000 = 0.625. The interpretation of this ratio indicates that the company is in poor liquidity position when stocks form most of the total current assets. Debt ratio = (total long term debt capital employed) 100 = (320,000 650,000) 100 = 49%. A company is highly geared if the debt ratio is more than 50%. The 49% indicate that the company is partly geared. Gross profit margin = (gross profit sales) 100 = (280,000 1,200,000) 100 = 23.3333. The interpretation indicates that the company cost of production has been controlled perfectly in relation to distribution and administration costs. Return on equity = (earning attributed to equity shareholder equity) 100 = (960,600 1,460,000) 100 = 65.79. This value indicates high efficiency by which AFT company other suppliers funds generate returns to shareholders. Debtors turnover = credit sales average debtors = 840,000 360,000 = 2.3333. This ratio indicates number of times debtors pay within the year. There is high efficient management of credit by the company. Creditors turnover = credit purchases average creditors = 720,000 260,000 = 2.769. The interpretation of the ratio shows that creditors are paid approximately three times by the company during the year. The above represent the required financial ratios as at 31st December 2016 extracted from AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited annual reports. Audit tests. There are audit tests that need to be performed when handling audit and evidence collection. Inspection: this involves examination of tangible assets, documents and financial and annual records for purpose of audit process. Observation: this is based on analyzing procedures that are performed by other auditors such as counting of stock of client personnel. Inquiry and confirmation: this involves gathering information from the company such as debtor circularization. Recalculation and re-performance: it is concerned on scrutinization of arithmetic accuracy of accounting records by performance of independent calculations. Analytical procedure: this indicates consistency between financial data and anticipated patterns under investigation. Conclusion. In conclusion, the audit team is now in a position to plan the new client audit. This process is very important in ascertaining the accountability of companies and firms on maintaining tenacity in their methods of operation and promote adherence to the set accounting and auditing and assurance standards altogether. References. Arens, A.A. (2016). Auditing and Assurance Services, Student Value Edition. Pearson. Bragg, S.M. (2015). Accounting for Inventory. Accounting Tools. Chopra, S. (2012). Supply Chain Management. Pearson Education. Daft, R.L. (2015). Management. South Western College Pub. Fletcher, F. (2012). Business Problem Solving. Routledge. Loughran, M. (2010). Auditing For Dummies. For Dummies. McGregor, D. (2016). The Human Side of Enterprise. McGraw-Hill Education. Miller, T.L. (2015). Horngrens Financial and Management Accounting. Pearson. Nickels, G.W. (2015). Understanding Business (Irwin Introduction to Business). McGraw-Hill Education. Saloner, G. (2009). Strategic Management. Wiley Publishers. Whittington, R. (2015). Principles of Auditing Other Assurance Services (Irwin Accounting). Rental Book. McGraw-Hill Education. Wild, J.J. (2014). Fundamental Accounting Principles Handcover. McGraw-Hill Education.

Solutions Students Essay Example

Solutions Students Paper Problems and Solutions CHAPTER I-?problems 1. 1 Problems on Bonds Exercise 1. 1 On 12104/01 consider a fixed-coupon bond Whose features are the following: ; face value: $1 ,OHO coupon rate: 8% ; coupon frequency: semiannual ; maturity: 05/06/04 What are the future cash flows delivered by this bond? Solution 1. 1 l. The coupon cash flow is equal to $40 It is delivered on the following future dates: 05/06/02, 11/06/02, 05/06/03, 1 1/06/03 and 05/06/04. The redemption value is equal to the face value 51,000 and is delivered on maturity date 05/06/04. Coupon = Exercise I . 3 An investor has a cash of at disposal. He wants to invest in a bond with $1 ,OHO nominal value and whose dirty price is equal to 107. 457%. 1. What is the number of bonds he will buy? 2. Same question if the nominal value and the dirty price of the bond are respectively $100 and 98. 453%. Solution 1. 3 1. The number of bonds he will buy is given by the following formula Number of bonds bought = Cash Nominal Value of the bond x dirty price Here, the number of bonds is equal to 9,306 = 9,306. 048 1,000 x 107. 457% 2. N is equal to 101 ,562 Exercise 1. 4 10,000, coo 100 x 98. 453% On 10/25/39, consider a fixed-coupon bond whose features are the following: ; face value: Euro 100 coupon rate: 10% coupon frequency: annual ; maturity: 04/15/08 Compute the accrued interest taking into account the four different day-count bases: Actual/Actual, Actual/365, Actual,360 and 30/360. Solution 1. 4 The last coupon has been delivered on 04/15/99. There are 193 days between 04/15/99 and 10/25/99, and 366 days between the last coupon date (04/15/99) and the next coupon date (04/15/00). The accrued interest with the Actual/Actual day-count basis is equal to Euro 5. 273 x x Euro Euro 5. 273 We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Students specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Students specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Students specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The accrued interest with the Actual/ASS day-count basis is equal to Euro 5288 x Euro 100 Euro 5. 288 The accrued interest with the Actual/360 day-count basis is equal to Euro 5. 361 x x Euro 100 = Euro 5. 361 There are 15 days between 04/15/99 and 04/30/99, 5 months between May and September, and 25 days between 09/30/99 and 10/25/99, so that there are 190 days between 04/15/99 and 10/25/99 on the 30/360 day-count basis 15 4 (5 * 30) 25- 190 Finally, the accrued interest with the 30/360 day-count basis is equal to Euro 5. 278 1 90 x x Euro 100 = Euro 5. 278 360 Exercise I An investor wants to buy a bullet bond Of the automotive sector. He has two choices: either invest in a US corporate bond denominated in euros or in a French corporate bond With same maturity and coupon. Are the two bonds comparable? Solution 1. 8 The answer is no. First, the coupon and yield frequency of the US corporate bond is semiannual, while it is annual for the French corporate bond. To compare the yields on the two instruments, you have to convert either the semiannual yield of the LIST bond into an equivalently annual yield or the annual yield of the French bond into an equivalently semiannual yield, Second, the two bonds do not serially have the same rating, that is, the same credit risk. Third, they do not necessarily have the same liquidity. Exercise 1. 15 What is the price P of the certificate of deposit issued by bank X on 06/06/00, faith maturity 08/25/00, face value an interest rate at issuance of falling at maturity and a yield of 4 as of 07/31 /O? Solution 1. 15 Recall that the price P of such a product is given by P =F 1 + yam x name where F is the face value, c the interest rate at issuance, NC is the number of days between issue and maturity, B is the year. Basis (360 or 365), yam is the yield on money-market basis and NM is the number of days between settlement and maturity. Then, the price P of the certificate of deposit issued by bank X is equal to P = Indeed, there are 80 calendar days between 06/06/00 and 08/25/00, and 25 calendar days between 07/31/00 and 08/25/00. 2 CHAPTER 2-?Problems Exercise 2. 1 Suppose the I-year continuously compounded interest rate is 12%. What is the effective annual interest rate? Solution 2. 1 The effective annual interest rate is R = e. 12-1 = 12. 75%. Exercise 2. 2 If you deposit $2,500 in a bank account that earns 8% annually on a continuously impounded basis, what will be the account balance in 7,14 years? Solution 2. 2 The account balance in 7. 14 years Will be 2500. E%xx. 14 = $4,425. 98 Exercise 2. 3 If an investment has a cumulative 63. 45% rate of return over 3. 78 years, what is the annual continuously compounded rate of return? Solution 2. 3 The annual continuously compounded rate of return R is such that 16345 e, BRB we find R c In(l . 6345)/3. 78- 13%. Problems and Solutions Exercise 2. 7 I _ What is the price Of a S-year bond With a nominal value Of 5100, a yield to maturity of 7% (with annual compounding frequency), a coupon rate and an annual coupon frequency? 2. Same question for a yield to maturity of 8%, and 10%. Conclude. Solution 2. 7 1. The price P off bond is given by the formula which simplifies into where N , c, y and n are respectively the nominal value, the coupon rate, the yield to maturity and the number of years to maturity of the bond. Here, we obtain for 100 10 P is then equal to 112. 301% of the nominal value or $112. 301. Note that we can also use the Excel function Price to obtain P 2. Prices of the bond for different yields to maturity are given in the following table YET Price ($1 107. 985 103. 890 Bond prices decrease as rates increase. Exercise 2. 14 We consider the following zero-coupon curve: Maturity (years) Zero-Coupon Rate 4. 75 1. What is the price of a 5-year bond with a $100 face value, which delivers a 5% annual coupon rate? 2. What is the yield to maturity of this bond? 3. We suppose that the zero. Coupon curve increases instantaneously and uniformly by 0. 5%. What is the new price and the new yield to maturity of the bond? What is the impact of this rate increase for the bondholder? 4. We suppose now that the zero-coupon remains stable over time. You hold the bond until maturity. What is the annual return rate of your investment?

History of the Australian Referendum during the 1967

History of the Australian Referendum during the 1967 Introduction The state of Australia before the referendum in 1967 was one related to a racist nation. During the year 1900, the British colonialists invaded Australia. To them, the nation was not habited and the aborigines, who lived in Australia, were part of the environment. The constitution that was drafted by the colonialists depicted high levels of inequalities (Crotty Roberts, 2009). The rights of the white settlers were highly upheld while those of the aborigines were diminishing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Australian Referendum during the 1967 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion During the 1967 referendum, various parts of the Australian constitution were questioned and changed. The first part was the one that stated who the commonwealth laws should govern (Attwood Markus, 2007). The constitution stated that commonwealth laws were only made for the whites and not the aborigines. It, therefore, implied that the aborigines had no constitutional rights under the commonwealth laws. The other section was the part that stated who should be counted during the national census. According to the 1900 constitution, the aborigines were not counted. The section was altered to give the aboriginal community an opportunity to be counted as part of the Australian citizens. So many people fought for a change in the Australian constitution. This act took them more than 10 years. The year 1967 was a major turning point in Australia as most of the people came out to vote for the alteration of the constitution. More than 90 percent of the populace voted in favour of the changes. The referendum was a breakthrough for the aboriginal people, who were counted later as part of the Australian citizens during the country’s population census. In addition, the aborigines came under the commonwealth statutes as opposed to the state regulations. The new constitution therefore was pa ssed on August 1967. The outcome of the referendum was of great benefit to the aborigines. First, it assisted in the removal of the initial rules of the aborigine act of 1905 that gave chief guardian of aborigines power over all aborigines up to the age of 16. The power of this guardian was much higher than that of a parent to her own child. The guardian could take children away from their families as he wish. These children were taken to the home of the white settlers or to some separate hostels. The parents were not informed on the whereabouts of their children, who, sometimes, were being subjected to torture. This act created some form of trauma for both parents and children as it at times involved some brutality. After the referendum, this role was scrubbed and it was a relief to the aborigines. The chief guardian also had control of the adult populace of aborigines. They were to seek permission for marriage; they did not have freedom of movement or right to own property. The ch anges of 1967 assured them these rights (Mason, Hill Davis, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The new constitution also granted the aboriginal people the right to be Australian citizens. This right will ensure that they are not controlled by the aborigine’s act of 1905. The breakthrough of 1967 gave them this chance. The 1905 aborigines act allowed the aboriginal people to apply to be citizens of Australia so that they cannot be controlled by the act. The situation of the aboriginal people was to be improved through giving the people access to education, equal employment opportunities and contribute to the economy (Goot Rowse, 2007). They were to face a panel, which will assess their qualification for citizenship. Once it is granted, the chief protector had the ability to snatch it when he feels like. The changes in the constitution than more than 90 pe rcent of the population voted for showed that Australian people were tired of the existing racial discrimination. The event was worth celebrating, as it is a show of social equality, power lying on the people and a choice against discrimination (Attwood, Markus Schilling, 1997). This occurrence did not do away with the nature of ruling that existed in Australia. The government of Australia in most times forgot to seek advice from the aborigines on the ruling of the country. Now, the aboriginal populace still have a shorter life expectancy as compared to their non-indigenous counterparts. According to statistics, it is evident that the challenges of poor health, housing, education and high rates of unemployment are the main challenges facing the aborigines (Crotty Roberts, 2008). Despite the fact that the 1967 referendum was a breakthrough for the aborigines, there are times when it is clear that Australian community is fighting the battle of addressing fully the needs of the abori gines. The only impeccable period that showed that the Australians were concerned with the interests of the aborigines was during the referendum. There has been a moment of silence since the change of the Australian constitution. The forms of inequalities carried out by the constitution in silence have made the Australian people to look back to the evils that existed before the 1967 referendum. Conclusion The 1967 referendum did not bring about the end to racial discrimination that was in existence in Australia. It led to an improvement in the relationship between the aborigines and the entire Australian nation. The legacy that arose from the referendum is to some extent the most enduring (Tungate, 2007). The relationship that developed between the state and federal government became that of putting blame on one another. References Attwood, B., Markus, A., Schilling, K. (1997). The 1967 referendum, or,  When Aborigines didnt get the vote. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.Advert ising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Australian Referendum during the 1967 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Attwood, B., Markus, A. (2007). The 1967 referendum: race, power and the Australian  Constitution (2nd ed.). Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. Crotty, M., Roberts, D. (2008). Turning Points in Australian History. Sydney: University of NSW Press. Crotty, M., Roberts, D. (2009). Turning points in Australian history. Sydney, N.S.W.: UNSW Press. Goot, M., Rowse, T. (2007). Divided Nation ?: Indigenous affairs and the imagined  public. Carlton: Melbourne University Press. Mason, K., Hill, K., Davis, R. (2007). Celebrating Aboriginal rights?: 16  July 7 September 2007, Tony Albert [et al.]. North Ryde: Macquarie University. Tungate, M. (2007). Adland: a global history of advertising. London: Kogan Page.

Bilingual Education in United State History Essay

Bilingual Education in United State History - Essay Example The influx of persons in the United States contributed a lot in shaping the policies that determined the Bilingual Education policy. The country witnessed many groups of people into the country like the natives, immigrants, and displaced people as a result of the World Wars amongst others. In this context, therefore, there was a dire need to lay procedures in place that would incorporate all these persons in the policies that surround Bilingual Education. In the colonial phase, the Bilingual Education schools, established before 1800, were not public and were mainly parochial schools. At this time, a great number of immigrants from Germany and France made a great initiative to come up with the Bilingual schools. Studies indicate that in these schools, English was taught amongst other subjects. Teipelke (p.1) indicates that these schools cannot be termed as bilingual schools, and probably non English schools would be a suitable name. In the mid 1850s, a mandate was passed by the Calif ornia Instruction Bureau that all schools should teach all subjects in English. By the 1870s, attempts to advance English in the country were seen. For instance, in St. Louis district, the school inspector, Mr. Harris, was gave the mandate to all teachers to start teaching English in kindergartens that incorporated German as the mode of instruction. In the late 1890s, the number of schools that used German as the mode of instruction recorded a downward trend. With this trend taking root in the United States, studies indicate that by the early 1900, there were numerous arguments that a good number of German immigrants needed to maintain their origins. The numbers of immigrants in the country were escalating; thus, a good number of individuals enrolled their children in German schools to acquire education in the German language. At this time, the United States had strengthened its muscle into joining the World War. Conflicts were evident among various countries. In relation to Bilingu al Education, key personalities of German origin needed complete abolition of German–English schools. In 1923, the State of Nebraska, following a court ruling, made a ruling that all schools in the state must use English as the only medium of instruction. All foreign languages were banned, and if needed to be taught, it had to be done after the 8th grade. English was made the first language of all persons in Nebraska, on the virtue that useful citizens can only be made through English. English was also made compulsory upon the basis that they would become good citizens and not jeopardize the state’s security. The period of 1927 was termed as the Farrington versus the Tokushige era. This era saw the upending of Hawaii’s restriction schools that taught foreign languages. In this era, parents of Japanese origin gave their arguments that they have the right to ensure their children access education despite the impositions that may be placed by the government. Most o f the parents argued that they are better placed to determine the kind of education their children should achieve, as compared to the government’s restriction. However, this was not bound to stop the government’s move to establish Bilingual Schools in the country. In the 1940s, the country witnessed a great expansion of the English Second Language programs. By 1963, the government had come up with Bilingual Educati

World civilizations in eighteenth century Term Paper

World civilizations in eighteenth century - Term Paper Example Therefore the workforce required for agriculture decreased and this led to a migration of this workforce to the field of industry, which in turn led to the industrial revolution. Before the industrial revolution, goods were manufactured using basic hand tools or machines in homes. The introduction of powered machinery that could mass produce goods in factories, led to the need for new markets for these goods, as well as new means of transportation to carry them. Mechanization of the textile industry coupled with improved techniques for making iron, and the invention of the steam engine, that revolutionized the transport system, in turn led to improved systems of trade and finance. Engines and machines that could do away with the physical labor of man, besides cutting down the time taken to accomplish it was a blessing indeed! Britain was the first to begin mechanized spinning and weaving because she was blessed with the moist weather conditions that helped in this industry. Besides, the fast moving streams supplied hydropower for these mills. As the economy moved from manual to machine based manufacturing, the manufacturing time was slashed and new markets were needed for these goods. The mechanization of spinning was followed in quick succession by the development of techniques for making iron. The introduction of the steam engine was the final triumph that revolutionized the transport system and increased the use of refined coal to power these steam engines. Britain being an island nation, her ports enabled her to trade in these goods and at this time Britain indeed ruled the waves. The efforts of British entrepreneurs were rewarded due to the fact that they had a large and ready market for their goods. Growing trade and commerce in... This paper shows that the thinkers wanted to bring about changes in society through the promotion of education and scientific thinking. In some European countries, a system of government called â€Å"Enlightened Despotism† came into being. Later, we are shown the need to feed the growing population, which led to a transformation in agricultural systems like improved machinery, scientific methods of breeding and introduction of new crops and crop rotation. Throughout the paper, we are given more and more information on the introduction of powered machinery that could mass produce goods in factories, led to the need for new markets for these goods, as well as new means of transportation to carry them. This paper also focuses on trade. Trade systems were dominated by those who held sway over the seas, and expansion of trade depended on the acquisition of colonies and the superiority of naval power. Swiftly from trade, the paper talks about the banking. For example, the Bank of En gland that worked as a government bank as well as a commercial operation, led to the setting up of a number of private banks throughout the country. In conclusion, we see that this industrial revolution transformed the lives of people in every stratum of British, European and American society. Building on the ideas of enlightenment of thinkers such as Voltaire and Rousseau, the eighteenth century saw the overthrow of despotic rule through the American and French revolutions and sowed the seeds of many more such upheavals in the centuries that followed.

Urban Regeneration Environment

Urban Regeneration Environment TO WHAT EXTENT HAS CULTURE-LED REGENERATION AFFECTED THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Abstract To what extent has Culture-Led Regeneration affected the built environment within the UK? Use examples to put this into a wider context. Since the 1940s the phrase ‘Urban Regeneration has been increasingly used in conjunction with the action of redeveloping land which had, in years prior, been areas of moderate to high density urban land use. The study of this process and the way in which it came about has also increased as the successes of Urban Regeneration throughout the United Kingdom and indeed internationally, continue to prove economically, socially and politically advantageous to any number of parties involved in the development of gentrification over the last 70 years. In addition to looking at how regeneration has affected the built environment, the idea that it has been ‘culture-led poses further aspects and issues but however, less scrutiny has been given to the idea of regeneration being ‘culture-led, this is a continuously growing area which deserves more analysis due to the economic success it has given investors and key stakeholders. It has also worked towards preserving some of Britains architectural heritage for the future, giving certain areas that would otherwise have been in a state of disrepair a new lease of life and additional social benefits. By paying attention to the way in which regeneration has developed during the 20th century to becoming culture-led it will be possible to give an in-depth view of the effects on the existing urban fabric of the United Kingdom, particularly over the last 25 years. There are a number of ways in which cultural regeneration takes place, from local governments wanting to increase investment in the area to them gaining status through cultural events such as the Olympic and Commonwealth games, the World Cup to the European Capital of Culture and prominent buildings such as Stadiums and tourist attractions. All of which will be discussed and then highlighted through case studies including the Albert Docks in Liverpool, the Capital of Culture for 2008 and Salford Quays, Manchester which was involved in the Commonwealth Games 2002. On a wider scale, regeneration has played an important role in the history and demographics of cities around the world including Beijing and Melbourne, commonly cited UK examples include Salford Quays in Manchester and Albert Docks in Liverpool; other UK examples include, Canary Wharf in London and Cardiff in Wales. For the purposes of this study, UK examples will be used to directly answer the question posed, which will then be put in to context through briefly analysing the city of Bilbao and Barcelona in, Spain. Regeneration or gentrification can be a contentious topic due to the variety of complex issues surrounding this topic. This often includes, premium prices charged for the new developments. To the nature of change and impact on the local communities that may have fallen in to decline. The existing infrastructure and community that is impacted on by the process of regeneration can take time to evolve and ultimately impact upon the initiatives proposed, as well as the effects on the local community, the power of which should not be underestimated. In order to balance the argument for regeneration it will be necessary to substantiate these different viewpoints and provide a fair consideration from all stakeholders who would be involved and affected by developments. The impact on the environment caused by regeneration can vary depending on the amount of refurbishing and the variety of materials used in the regeneration programme. The extent to which these are recycled and reused to reduce the amount of waste and energy varies with each development. This field of expertise is large and far-reaching and will be discussed briefly in chapter 4 using case studies to highlight the various aspects. The study will also address physical as well as the environmental impacts of regeneration with past and current projects aiming to improve urban areas, with the aid of culture to deliver change. The environment aspect in particular is becoming increasingly important as the countrys social conscience continues to increase into the future. The paper will then draw together conclusions using arguments both in favour of and also against urban regeneration. It will also draw on why cultural regeneration is initiated and why these areas are finding the effects of cultural regeneration successful. The paper will also touch on areas that may have failed or where areas are finding the task of regenerating the physical but also the social and political aspects challenging. It will also be possible to discuss and argue the extent to which culture-led regeneration has moved away from the initial aims of improving an areas social and economic problems to also encompass the physical and environmental aspects of improving an area. This multi-faceted approach has continued to provide many obstacles for experts within the area but these are challenges that, if overcome, will ensure the longevity and economic well being of the project in question for a long time to come. The degree to which urban regeneration has affected the built environment in the UK is likely to be extensive due to well known case studies and examples, as well as visual evidence being clear in day to day life and also being reported in the media, however extracting the elements of gentrification to date and stating to what level they have been purely culture-led will prove more complicated due to difficulties in finding material that points to an area of culture as being the sole catalyst for the regeneration to begin. The essay proposes to demonstrate why cultural regeneration is successful Chapter 1 History History of regeneration Industrial revolution Early 20th century (1940s) Last 25 years (definition culture led detail) Castleford, Canary Wharf QUOTE The United Kingdom has a long history that has become synonymous with the manufacturing industry, dating back to the British Empire when the UK imported and exported many products from countries around the world. During the earliest phase of the Industrial Revolution the Bridgewater Canal was built in 1761, this halved the price of coal in Manchester due to decreased transport costs and ease of access. This triggered a period of canal building activity between 1760 and 1850, the canals provided the infrastructure by which trade could occur more easily and cheaply and it is along these waterways that many cities were developed, including Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Birmingham and London. Many industrial facilities were strategically located close to rivers, canals and estuaries, most notably Manchester and Liverpool being situated just 35 miles apart and joined by the Manchester Ship Canal, the North West became a fundamental destination for cotton and textiles and manufacturing as well as Liverpool becoming a central dock for trade due its global connections. The Industrial Revolution also witnessed a large growth in population, in 1695 the population of Britain was estimated to be 5.5million, by the early part of 1801, just over 100 years later, this had grown to 9.3million and 40 years later again, almost doubled to 15.9million people in 1841. These figures represent a 60% increase in just 40 years. (www.historylearningsite.co.uk) In the North West, Manchester alone experienced a dramatic six-fold increase in its population during this time. The development of cities during this period clearly meant that workers moved to these areas seeking jobs, stability and prosperity. By 1900, 80% of Britains population lived in urban areas, whilst the number of workers employed in the agricultural sector fell from eleven percent to just two percent. (www.statistics.gov.uk). There were various reasons for this to occur, but the main ones being the advances in technology and the closure of many farming and agricultural companies, hence reducing the number of those employed in this sector. This sudden surge in the migration of people from rural to urban areas, initially for jobs in the factories or mills, obviously meant that housing was required in these ‘super-cities, and it was needed quickly. The ever increasingly rich owners of the businesses saw the need to provide cheap housing for their workers, and so the now-famous back to back terraced housing associated with British industrial inner cities were born. The back-to-back terrace was the most popular addition to the city due to it being cheap and easy to construct, as well as durable and serving the purpose that it was required for. However, much of this housing was constructed without proper planning, adequate facilities or infrastructure for clean running water and waste disposal. Areas throughout the United Kingdom fell into a state of squalor and disrepair; serious efforts were made to reverse the ‘slum conditions resulting from the housing crisis over the next 100 years. During 1909, a Town Planning Act was formed, this act was to, ‘forbid the building of any more back-to-back houses, this highlighted the need for builders and designs to meet certain standards. During the First World War the slogan, ‘Homes fit for heroes (Crisp 1998) which accompanied the revised Town Planning Act in 1919. This Act focused on implementing improvements to inner city slums on general housing conditions, in order to create space for new housing many of the workers were persuaded to move out to the suburbs which were ‘greener and ‘cleaner this coincided with the decline of the industrial revolution and again agriculture levels increased. Once many of the inner city areas had been abandoned, a prompt decision was taken to destroy many of the workers houses due to the overcrowded and poor conditions of them. During the post war-era employment in the city grew more slowly than in towns and rural areas, employment began to decrease in the 1960s and the decline spread to almost all cities in the 1970s. As the worlds first industrial economy virtually collapsed within a ten year period between 1970 and 1980, 55% of jobs were lost in cities during the recession. (Turok Edge) The former industrial cities of Newcastle, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester were left lifeless and devoid of jobs, whilst towns and rural areas saw a steady increase in the number of opportunities. The inner cities were left with polluted by-products from the factories whilst the movement of jobs and people to the country was actively encouraged with the aim of reducing over-crowding, in order to clean up the cities and plan orderly settlements for the future. This led to further social and economic problems such as crime and relative poverty as many areas sank in to depression. During the 1980s, Manchester and Liverpool along with the other industrial areas of Birmingham and Newcastle had lost their influential status, mills, warehouses and docks which had made the cities so successful lay abandoned and increasingly vandalised, whilst the river and canal networks lay polluted. The beginning of the ‘Information Age during the 1990s saw a sharp transition from primary manufacturing industries to a knowledge based, service industry. This was seen as an important driver for change, despite the ability for new industries and businesses to locate in rural areas, through the use of the digital medium of the Internet. However, financial services and the retail industry have increasingly relocated business to city centres once again, creating flagship stores that drew service sector workers back into the city centre in turn creating the need for additional services in the city. The end of the 20th century saw the start of a renaissance in the development of new and improved venues for cultural activity, from arts and media centres, theatres, museums and galleries, to less formal roles such as public art works and urban designs in the public domain. Many towns and cities were seen to be re-investing in the rich cultural heritage of the past, and complementing this with contemporary art projects and exhibitions. It was during this time that work within the creative industries was recognised as bringing a viable way of sustaining a business enterprise around the arts and crafts, later joined by digital media based work. Chapter 2 Culture-Led Models Major events 3 models e.g. Olympic games (London , Commonwealth, Capital of Culture, World Cup, Stadiums International context/differences Bilbao (Capital of Culture), Barcelona (Olympics) It has not only been traditional and historic cultural capitals or world cities, that have looked to install this new form of cultural energy into their urban centres, those seeking to transform their image, established industrial cities as in the case of Bilbao and Glasgow. These cities are undergoing re-imaging, through new and upgraded cultural facilities to try and appeal as cosmopolitan destinations for the first time. Towns and cities such as these, will undoubtedly be greatly affected through culture, not only on the built environment, but also in their social and economic development. The role culture can play in attempting to regenerate an area can be expressed through three different models of regeneration; cited in a report by the Department of Culture, Media and Sports, on the contribution of culture within regeneration in the United Kingdom. The three models include; Culture-led Regeneration Culture Regeneration Culture Regeneration The models which have been identified show where cultural activity can be incorporated, or incorporates itself into a regeneration process. The different models developed include defining culture-led regeneration, cultural regeneration as well as culture and regeneration. Although sounding similar, the models represent and explain three varied approaches to regeneration. Culture-led Regeneration often involves the use of physical and environmental improvements and more often results in the creation of new cultural facilities. This can be through the construction of new buildings, or the reuse of existing structures, examples of which might include Peckham Library, the TATE modern in Southwark, or the Sage music centre and BALTIC centre for contemporary art in Gateshead. Due to the nature of these highly visible projects, both in the public domain and through marketing and advertising, there can be a misinterpretation that some cultural facilities are solely responsible for the regeneration of an area, when in fact they may be a less significant element in a wider, longer term programme. (Evans 2005). This can be identified particularly where â€Å"flagship† projects are concerned. Bilbao is one example where the external image of the city has been dominated by a single building; the Guggenheim. In this case, far less attention has been given to the preparation of infrastructure, such as improvements to roads and metro systems as well as the improvements to housing, with new residential developments, with the redevelopment of existing cultural facilities that may also have contributed to the regeneration of the city. Castleford, in West Yorkshire, has a population of around 38,000. The restructuring of the mining industry in 1997 meant that the number of employees had fallen to under six hundred. The closure of the mines, and other redundancies has led to unusually high levels of unemployment, poor health and low education achievements. The residents are unusually committed to improving the quality life, The Castleford Project is a programme of improvements supported by a collaboration between Wakefield, key regeneration agencies and the community; to improve the town centre, health care, bring safety within the neighbourhoods and local communities and give opportunities to the younger demographic.. The successful approach to the Castleford project shows that culture-led can support regeneration of the former West Yorkshire mining town. Just a few years prior many felt that towns on the outskirts of Yorkshire such as Castleford were in terminal decline following pit and factory closures that put thousands out of work. A strong community spirit led the changes in the area which saw the development of a visionary 25 year urban renaissance programme, this large scale project covered Castleford and four other local towns. The Castleford project has been unique in the sense that it was designed to empower local people to improve their area and develop their own vision and identity for the future. It involved a partnership between the council, the local community, and Channel 4 television which invested one hundred thousand pounds, as well as regional and national organisations; as a result local people have a sense of pride and care over their community. The initial catalyst for the regeneration of Castleford was the development of the Xscape leisure and shopping complex, this boasts the largest indoor ski slope in Europe, it is said to attract more visitors than anywhere else in Yorkshire, which has also led to the creation of many jobs, more than previously available when the pit was in existence. Considerable investment is being put into the area with one single firm staking  £55m. There is good quality house building, a new hotel, supermarket and plans for a heritage centre. By being rooted in the community and having the local peoples full support this regeneration programme has proved a success, if a project such as this is not deeply rooted in the community then it is not guaranteed to be successful or sustainable. Barcelona is a true example of Cultural Regeneration, where a Cultural City, was a successful host of the Olympic Games in 1992. Barcelona took the initiative with the early approach to urban design and culture planning. The design of creative quarters which span between the old city and the Olympic village site, this often meant refurbishing and reviving derelict industrial areas. This form of Urbanism in Barcelona has been characterised by the forming of cultural and public squares linked by avenues and promenades that promote the form of culture. A major feature of Barcelonas regeneration programme involved the expansion of the city centre to encompass the former industrial areas situated on the citys periphery. This allowed the redevelopment and expansion of the commercial sector along the waterfront. In 1999 the RIBA presented its Royal Gold Medal to Barcelona, the first time a city has received the award. It was given the award for its dramatic and successful transformation whi ch is now widely accepted as a model for cultural regeneration on an international scale. Barcelona proved itself through the successful bid and hosting of the 1992 Olympic Games; other examples of this cultural regeneration model include the European Capital of Culture programmes (ECOC), the international Expositions (EXPO) along with the annual celebrations such as the Edinburgh festival. Host cities have used these international events to increase their cultural profile and in turn these events to help initiate a long term regeneration programme. Glasgow became the first city to become European Capital of Culture in 1990 having had more than three years to plan for the event. This award was seen as an important opportunity as a catalyst for urban regeneration through the form of culture; Glasgows legacy as the first city with ECOC status 16 years ago has sustained this development; similar effects to Barcelona which has been recognised as a success internationally. Seville (EXPO 92), Lisbon (ECOC 94 EXPO 98) and Rotterdam (ECOC 01) are cases where large-scale regeneration programmes have been combined with these cultural events. Liverpool has been nominated as ECOC in 2008 and has chosen to build up to this event by hosting themed years. Liverpool was a major participant in the national celebrations of Sea Britain, with special relevance to 2005, The Year of the Sea. Hosting the start and finish of the 2005-06 2007-08 Round the World Clipper Race. 2008 the year of the Capital of Culture will see Liverpool hosting major events highlighting different aspects of the citys unique culture including The Tall Ships Race which has a significant connection with the cities maritime heritage. One event can have wider and far lasting cultural benefits, whilst attracting further investment and increased visitor numbers. Liverpool suffered a vast industrial decline leaving large areas of Brownfield sites derelict which caused economic and social problems. The ECOC will be a vital aid in reshaping and reforming Liverpool to revive the city back to its former successful status, with the regeneration of its famous waterfront known as the Albert Docks. In the third model, Culture and Regeneration, cultural activities are not fully integrated at either the development or planning stages. This is primarily due to the responsibilities for cultural provision and regeneration being often handled separately, within different departments. This means that any provisions for leisure or culture are likely to be small and implemented after any physical regeneration has taken place, as normally the primary focus was to develop housing and commercial space, the main and sure-fire reasons for bringing money in to an area. This model suggests that in terms of physical and environmental regeneration, the visible signs of any cultural activity or improvements may be small, but this does not mean that cultural activity is absent. This indicates that the cultural element has not been used to promote the regeneration programme. This type of regeneration has distinct connections with community groups, local groups and councils which may not exist in la rger flagship programmes, These three models Culture-led Regeneration, Cultural Regeneration and Culture Regeneration, highlight the different scale of regeneration projects and the level of cultural activities which can differ greatly, from whole â€Å"cultural cities† to redeveloped waterfronts, to community orientated public art programmes. The nature of the culture element in each model may vary, it is clear that culture can contribute to the regeneration programmes whilst also interacting with the physical, social and economic aspects that help to revive areas. The physical and environmental improvements, delivered within a cultural context are the visible signs of progression that ultimately promote the success and image of the city. Chapter 3- Case Studies Case Study 1 Salford Quays Case Study 2 Albert Docks Case Studies Albert Docks The Albert Docks is situated on the waters of the Mersey. The former docks comprises from five blocks of five storey warehouses, which provided 1.25 million square foot of storage space, surrounding by a quadrangle of water. Traditionally, the port had relied on privately owned warehousing in the town to store cargo from the dock. Since the decline in the city between 1970 to 1980, Liverpool has experienced more urban regeneration than virtually any other city in the UK. Since 1971 the city had to respond to a reduction in its population of about a quarter and a loss of more than half of its manufacturing industry. Over this period Liverpool has experimented in a variety in Urban regeneration schemes. The first government response to the emerging â€Å"inner city problem† came in 1968 with the launch of the Urban Programme small amounts of short term funding to support local community development projects in the inner city. Liverpool was amongst the first to benefit from 50 schemes supported by the programme including nursery, class, sports and community facilities. In 1969 the Home Office established a series of Community Development Projects (CDPs) including the Vauxhall CDP in addition to supporting a number of local projects, community education programmes, community centres etc. Researchers on the project concluded that the areas problems had structural roots and resulted from external economic change and restructuring (Topping and Smith 1977) In 1979, the new government established Urban Development Cooperation (including the Merseyside Development Corporation) central government agencies with the power and resources to reclaim large amounts of urban dereliction and to return them to beneficial economic use. Other areas of derelict land developers were offered more relaxed planning permissions and tax breaks. Through the 1980s British regeneration policy put a lot of emphasis on supporting local economic development by increasing the supply of land and buildings in inner cities. The first response of the government was to introduce City Challenge; a programme that allowed local authorities to lead local partnerships in bidding for central government money to support local regeneration projects, Liverpool was one of the first successful cities receiving 37.5million in the first round of bidding. By the 1980s Liverpools central area was in decline, few people lived in the City Centre, office and Commercial employment was falling and shopping centres were losing trade. The start of the programme to transform the waterfront commenced in 1986 the project saw the conversion of the existing warehouses into a complex of retail, restaurants, cafe, and a series of office units and business headquarters. Also there are a number of unique visitor attractions;- Tate Liverpool, the Beatles Story, Merseyside Maritime Museum, the International Slavery Museum, Liverpool Ghost Tours, and The Yellow Duckmarine. This development includes a number of luxury apartment, hotels and a state of the art conference / exhibition centre. The importance of the Albert docks to Liverpool is vast as it continues to attract visitors and has helped to re brand Liverpool from a declining and poor city. This in turn has led to the millions of pounds of investment reshaping the heart of the city centre with the development of Paradise Street. In the new millennium there are new challenges for planning and regeneration schemes in response to changes in social trends (cultural and political) with an increase in environmental issues, economic changes and associated with globalisation and the drive for developments to be more sustainable. However Liverpool has recognised the value of culture to aid in transforming a failing city, with the help of this development it will ignite many other opportunities for the city. Case Study Salford Quays Located in the former Docks area of Manchester and Salford, recently labelled as Salford Quays, The Lowry Centre is widely recognised as being key in the regeneration of Salford, Manchester and adding to the improvement of the North West as a region. As a national landmark in the Millennium Project for â€Å"The Arts† this comprises of galleries, theatres, bars, shops and restaurants. The Lowry Centre opened in April 2000 and has since been credited, along with its associated projects, with the creation of 6,500 jobs in the local economy. It is predicted that 11,000 new jobs will arise as a result of the regeneration of the Quays as a whole [Goodey 2000]. These associated cultural projects include The Designer Outlet shopping centre, the Imperial War Museum North (IWMN) and the latest development of the Mediacity:uk which will house the BBC; it also includes other leisure orientated facilities such as a multi screen cinema complex and a water sports centre. Although a culture-led scheme, the Lowry project was conceived as the final part of the regeneration of Salford Quays, a process that began in the mid 1980s, following the purchase of the Docks from the Manchester Ship Canal Company by Salford City Council in 1983. A development plan was prepared, which sought to â€Å"create a new quarter of the city which has a unique character derived from the way in which all parts of the development are related to water; and where people would be encouraged to work, live and play in a high quality environment† [Salford City Council, 1985]. However, despite the great potential that existed in the development of the waterfront, the site was not ideally located in terms of attracting residents, businesses or visitors; â€Å"The Docks were three kilometres from the city centre, enclosed by walls and filled with polluted water† [Struthers 2003]. At that time there was very little infrastructure existing prior to the plan. The adjacent Trafford Park Industrial Estate, was littered with derelict warehouses that had little access to the road network and no public transport provisions. Consequently, a reclamation programme was directed at three vital aspects of the site; water, roads and services, in addition to public access and landscaping. Following concerns that the site may be developed purely for housing and offices, a development strategy review was prepared and published in 1988 and set the context for future proposals with an emphasis on a mixture of uses and their relationship to the water, providing opportunities for leisure and culture based activities [Salford City Council, 1988]. This reflected the idea that both physical and environmental improvements had to be made in order to fully exploit the potential of Salford Quays. It took five years to close the main water basin which allowed the water itself to be treated and cleaned whilst the surrounding areas were cleared ready for the private sector development that was to follow. The access roads were developed to link the Quays internally, this initially meant the improvement of bridges, paths and walkways. There were also connections made to the major road networks into Manchester and beyond. This was all carried out in conjunction with landscaping the area and installing lighting and street furniture before any major building work could be carried out. The success of the Lowry Centre was entirely dependent on the infrastructure that was laid before it, in order to carry the number of visitors, workers and residents that would be required for it to be a success. The presence of the Lowry itself was a main drawing point for the Imperial War Museum which is now located directly opposite and is linked by the Lowry pedestrian bridge. The Imperial War Museum, a major tourist attraction in its own right was opened in 2002 and was designed by renowned architect, Daniel Libeskind, the imposing design aimed to depict the â€Å"world as a globe, shattered by war and mans self-destruction† [Libeskind, 2001]. Along with Old Trafford, the Imperial War Museum and the Lowry signify the cultural landmarks known as The Quays. The decision to extend Manchesters tram link to the Quays from Manchester City Centre as well as Bury in the north and Altrincham in the south of the city meant that the Quays was now open to a greater number of visitors, commuters and also residents. Chapter 4- Regeneration Sustainable regeneration Environmental effects of regeneration Physical regeneration Arguments against Regeneration social and environmental (rich people/poor areas and the infrastructure) Environmental / Physical effects The appearance and environment of towns and cities are clear representations of their history as well as indicators of their present ability to provide a quality of life to residents and business owners or workers. The built environment has always performed a wide range of functions, the main theme being initially shelter, social enablers and also trade. All of this f